255 research outputs found

    Optimization in the design of a 12 gigahertz low cost ground receiving system for broadcast satellites. Volume 2: Antenna system and interference

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    The antenna characteristics are analyzed of a low cost mass-producible ground station to be used in broadcast satellite systems. It is found that a prime focus antenna is sufficient for a low-cost but not a low noise system. For the antenna feed waveguide systems are the best choice for the 12 GHz band, while printed-element systems are recommended for the 2.6 GHz band. Zoned reflectors are analyzed and appear to be attractive from the standpoint of cost. However, these reflectors suffer a gain reduction of about one db and a possible increase in sidelobe levels. The off-axis gain of a non-auto-tracking station can be optimized by establishing a special illumination function at the reflector aperture. A step-feed tracking system is proposed to provide automatic procedures for searching for peak signal from a geostationary satellite. This system uses integrated circuitry and therefore results in cost saving under mass production. It is estimated that a complete step-track system would cost only $512 for a production quantity of 1000 units per year

    Optimization in the design of a 12 gigahertz low cost ground receiving system for broadcast satellites. Volume 1: System design, performance, and cost analysis

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    The technical and economical feasibility of using the 12 GHz band for broadcasting from satellites were examined. Among the assigned frequency bands for broadcast satellites, the 12 GHz band system offers the most channels. It also has the least interference on and from the terrestrial communication links. The system design and analysis are carried out on the basis of a decision analysis model. Technical difficulties in achieving low-cost 12 GHz ground receivers are solved by making use of a die cast aluminum packaging, a hybrid integrated circuit mixer, a cavity stabilized Gunn oscillator and other state-of-the-art microwave technologies for the receiver front-end. A working model was designed and tested, which used frequency modulation. A final design for the 2.6 GHz system ground receiver is also presented. The cost of the ground-terminal was analyzed and minimized for a given figure-of-merit (a ratio of receiving antenna gain to receiver system noise temperature). The results were used to analyze the performance and cost of the whole satellite system

    Anatomic relationship of the optic nerve channel with sphenoidal sinus: a computed tomography study

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    The sphenoid sinus, out of the facial sinuses, is certainly the most neglected as far as diagnosis is concerned. The surgical approach requires a detailed anatomical knowledge, considering the serious complications resulting from injuries of vital structures adjacent to this region. AIM: The objective of our research is to evaluate the anatomic relationship of the optic nerve with the sphenoid sinus making use of the computed tomography. STUDY DESIGN: Serie report. MATERIAL AND METHOD: The authors present a retrospective analysis of 203 computed tomographies of facial sinus belonging to individuals of both sexes aged 14 and over. The examinations were evaluated observing the course of the optic nerve, obtained through the degree of its projection on the wall of the sphenoid sinus. The method used was the modified classification of Delano, evaluating the absence of bone reduction (dehiscence) of the optic nerve in the sphenoid sinus. We analysed the degree of pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus, using Hammer's classification adapted by Guerrero, apart from the pneumatization of the anterior clinoidal process and pterigoid and the presence of the Onodi cell. RESULTS: Most of the patients (78.96%) presented their optic nerve with a Type 1 course. Type 2 was observed in 16.83% of the patients, Type 3 in 3.47% and Type 4 in 0.74%. The presence of dehiscence of the optic nerve in the wall of the sphenoid sinus was evidenced in 21.29% of the cases. Related to pneumatization, we noticed that the pre-selar type was observed in 6.44%, the post-selar type appeared in 39.11%, the selar type appeared in 54.45%, and the apneumatized type was not observed in any of the cases. The pneumatization of the anterior clinoidal process was verified in 10.64% of the cases, while the pterigoid process was apparent in 21.29% of the cases. The Onodi cell (sphenoetmoidal) was found in 7.92% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The presence of dehiscence of the optic nerve is related with the degree of pneumatization of the anterior clinoid and the pterigoid processes, the presence of the Onodi cell (sphenoetmoidal) and Course Types 2, 3 and 4 considered the relationship between the optic nerve and the sphenoid sinus.O seio esfenoidal entre os seios da face é certamente o mais negligenciado quanto ao diagnóstico. A abordagem cirúrgica requer conhecimento anatômico detalhado, levando-se em conta as graves complicações decorrentes de lesões de estruturas vitais adjacentes a esta região. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do nosso estudo é avaliar a relação anatômica do canal do nervo óptico com o seio esfenoidal utilizando a tomografia computadorizada. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Análise de série. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Os autores apresentam a análise retrospectiva de 202 tomografias computadorizadas de seios da face de indivíduos de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos. Os exames foram avaliados observando o trajeto do canal do nervo óptico obtido pelo grau de projeção na parede do seio esfenoidal. Foi utilizada a classificação modificada de Delano. Foi avaliada a ausência de atenuação óssea (deiscência) do canal do nervo óptico no seio esfenoidal. O grau de pneumatização do seio esfenoidal foi analisado, sendo empregado a classificação de Hammer's adaptada por Guerrero, além da pneumatização do processo clinóide anterior e pterigóide e a presença da célula de Onodi. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes (78.96%) apresentou o canal do nervo óptico com trajeto do tipo 1, o tipo 2 foi observado em 16.83%, o tipo 3 em 3.47% e o tipo 4 em 0.74%. A presença de deiscência do nervo óptico na parede do seio esfenoidal foi evidenciada em 21.29% dos casos. Em relação à pneumatização, notamos que o tipo pré-selar foi observado em 6.44%, o tipo selar em 39.11%, o tipo selar em 54.45%, e o tipo apneumatizado não foi observado em nossos casos. A pneumatização do processo clinóide anterior foi constatado em 10.64% enquanto do processo pterigóide em 21.29% dos casos, a célula de Onodi foi verificada em 7.92% dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de deiscência do canal do nervo óptico está relacionado com o grau de pneumatização dos processos clinóide anterior e processo pterigóide, a presença de célula de Onodi e os tipos de trajeto 2, 3 e 4 da relação do nervo óptico com o seio esfenoidal.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Distúrbios da Comunicação HumanaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de Diagnóstico por ImagemUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Otorrinolaringologia e Distúrbios da Comunicação HumanaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de Diagnóstico por ImagemSciEL

    Efeito do teor de matéria seca, na ocasião da colheita, na quantidade e na qualidade da silagem.

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    Milheto: alternativa de forragem para a seca.

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    Mortalidade neonatal: descrição e efeito do hospital de nascimento após ajuste de risco

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    OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito de hospital de nascimento na ocorrência de mortalidade neonatal. MÉTODOS: Uma coorte de nascimentos foi iniciada em Pelotas, em 2004. Todos os nascimentos hospitalares foram estudados em visitas diárias às maternidades da cidade, incluindo-se 4.558 recém-nascidos. As mães foram entrevistadas sobre fatores de risco em potencial e as mortes, monitoradas com visitas regulares aos hospitais, cemitérios e cartórios. Dois pediatras classificaram a causa básica da morte, de forma independente, a partir de informações obtidas no prontuário hospitalar e em entrevista com a família. Usou-se regressão logística para estimar o efeito do hospital de nascimento, controlando para variáveis de confusão relacionadas a características maternas e do recém-nascido. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade neonatal foi de 12,7. O risco esteve fortemente influenciado pelo peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e variáveis socioeconômicas. Imaturidade foi responsável por 65% das mortes neonatais, seguida por anomalias congênitas, infecções e asfixia intraparto. Ajustando para características maternas, foi observado um risco relativo igual a três para hospitais de mesmo nível de complexidade. O risco relativo diminuiu, mas persistiu, após controle para características do recém-nascido. CONCLUSÕES: A mortalidade neonatal variou entre hospitais e foi alta, principalmente relacionada à imaturidade. Para entender a fonte de variação da mortalidade neonatal e reduzir sua ocorrência é necessária uma avaliação aprofundada e comparativas com as práticas de cuidado entre hospitais.OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of hospital of birth on neonatal mortality. METHODS: A birth cohort study was carried out in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 2004. All hospital births were assessed by daily visits to all maternity hospitals and 4558 deliveries were included in the study. Mothers were interviewed regarding potential risk factors. Deaths were monitored through regular visits to hospitals, cemeteries and register offices. Two independent pediatricians established the underlying cause of death based on information obtained from medical records and home visits to parents. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of hospital of birth, controlling for confounders related to maternal and newborn characteristics, according to a conceptual model. RESULTS: Neonatal mortality rate was 12.7 and it was highly influenced by birthweight, gestational age, and socioeconomic variables. Immaturity was responsible for 65% of neonatal deaths, followed by congenital anomalies, infections and intrapartum asphyxia. Adjusting for maternal characteristics, a three-fold increase in neonatal mortality was seen between similar complexity hospitals. The effect of hospital remained, though lower, after controlling for newborn characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal mortality was high, mainly related to immaturity, and varied significantly across maternity hospitals. Further investigations comparing delivery care practices across hospitals are needed to better understand NMR variation and to develop strategies for neonatal mortality reduction

    Sistemas de produção de milho na região de Sete Lagoas, MG.

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